Normally in every tissue, from arterial end of capillaries fluid is leaking out adding to interstitial fluid due to increased hydrostatic pressure and less oncotic pressure at this end and on the venous end of capillaries fluid is constantly taken back due to increased oncotic pressure and less hydrostatic pressure at venous end of capillaries. Plasma proteins are responsible for maintaining oncotic pressure in circulatory system, so hypoproteinemia cause decrease in oncotic pressure, fluid moves to extra-cellular fluid and it leads to edema formation. Some proteins which are leaking down, many of them are taken up by cells of proximal convoluted tubules by pinocytic process and lots of proteins are catabolized there.įirst liver compensates and maintains protein concentration but later when if fails to do then it leads to hypoproteinemia. Some proteins are leaked into urine leading to proteinuria.

Loss of proteins occurs by two mechanisms. Complications of Proteinuria a) Hypoproteinemia In case of severe glomerular injury, filtration membrane becomes more and more leaky leading to proteinuria (albuminuria and globulinuria) more than 3.5gram/day. Here proteinuria is lees than 3.5 gram/day. If there is moderate glomerular injury, filtration membrane becomes more permeable and relatively large molecules (globulin) also start leaking into urine with smaller molecules (albumin) causing globulinuria and albuminuria respectively. If there is a very small glomerular injury then smallest molecules start leaking into the urine e.g., albumin start appearing into urine (albuminuria). In minimal change glomerulopathy these negative charges of membrane components are neutralized and a lot of albumin starts leaking out. Size barrier does not let large sized molecules to pass through the filtration membrane and negative charges on components of filtration membrane repel negatively charged molecules (e.g. In some glomerular diseases, these podocytes detach and lead to increase in the permeability.

These podocytes are interdigitated forming filtration slits of around 20-30 mins. These cells are also called podocytes, stick with the glomerular basement membrane. Size of fenestration is 70-100nm.The endothelial cells are negatively charged. These are fenestrated cells (fenestrations within endothelial cells). There are three components of the filtration membrane. Glomerulopathies & Glomerulonephritis Filtration Membrane – Main Components One kidney has approximately 1.2 million nephrons. The glomerulus is the filtration unit of the kidney. Master Medical Sciences with crystal clear concepts. Not a member? Sign up now to access 800+ videos on Basic Medical Sciences & Clinical Medicine. Nephrotic and Nephritic Syndrome Nephrology, Pathology Related to Glomerular Injury

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